REVOLTS
AGAINST BRITISH COLONIALISM
REVOLT OF 1857
India,
well known as the 'golden bird' for the economic prosperity had fallen a prey
to the covetous eyes of various foreign powers in the course of history. The
British emerged as a formidable power in India after the successive demise of
the Turks, the Afghans and the Mughals. Robert Clive laid the foundation of the
British rule in India after defeating Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal in
the battle of Plassey in 1757. Hence forth British imperialism spread all over
India. The Indians not only lost their independence but also were exploited by the
various polices of the British government. The British Governor - Generals had
introduced various reforms by interfering in the social, religious and cultural
life of the Indians which were opposed to Indian culture and tradition. The
accumulated grievances and discontent of the people finally burst out into an
open Revolt in 1857. It is not an exaggeration to say that the Revolt shook the
very foundation of the British rule in India. While the British historians have
described the Revolt as a mere 'Sepoy Mutiny' the Indian historians have
glorified the Revolt as the First war of Indian Independence.' Let us discuss
the nature of this Revolt.
NATURE OF THE REVOLT
Historians hold divergent views regarding the nature of this Revolt of 1857. G.G. Malleson, P.E. Roberts, J.W. Kaye, Seeley and T.R. Holmes have described the Revolt as a Sepoy Mutiny'. On the other hand, Vinayak Damoder Savarkar has glorified it as the 'First war of Indian Independence.' In his opinion the revolt was based on two principles, namely, Swadharma and Swaraj, which are the basic objectives of any national movement. Sir James Outram and William Taylor have called the Revolt a 'Conspiracy of the Hindus and the Muslims'. Some historians have called it a 'Crusade against Christianity'. The Revolt has been variously described as 'A conflict between Eastern and Western Culture.' Black-White struggle' 'A Struggle between civilization and barbarism' by the European historians. On the other hand, the celebrated historian Bipan Chandra has opined that the Revolt was the result of the accumulated grievances and hatred of the Indians towards foreign rule.
It is very much evident that the Revolt
was not a mere Sepoy Mutiny. Although the Revolt started among the sepoys
first, it spread to almost all the sections of Indian society in course of
time, Hindus, Muslims, Rajas, Zamindars and common people joined the Revolt. Despite the fact that the leaders took up the
leadership of the Revolt due to their vested interests, the main objective of
all of them was to uproot the British rule from India. No Revolt of such
intensity and spontaneity had ever occurred in India. This Revolt can be
rightly called the Great Indian Revolt of 1857 taking into consideration the
intensity, objectivity and spread of the Revolt.
CAUSES OF THE REVOLT
Generally a Revolt never occurs
accidentally. It is the outburst of accumulate grievances. Similarly the Revolt
of 1857 was an armed uprising against the century-long exploitation and oppression of the British
government. There were Political, Economic, Social, Religious, Administrative,
Military and Immediate causes of the Revolt.
Political Cause
The East Indian Company established its
rule in India since the establishment of Dual government in Bengal by Robert
Clive in 1765. Later, the native rulers fell a prey to the strong imperialist
policy of Lord Wellesley and Lord Dalhousie. Besides, the various
administrative systems and rules and regulations had kindled the fire of
discontent among the Indians.
Subsidiary Alliance System
Lord Wellesley had devised a system for the spread of British Imperialism in India. It was known as Subsidiary Alliance system." Those Native rulers who accepted this treaty had to keep a British army in their capital and had to pay for the maintenance of the army either in cash or by ceding a portion of their territory to the British government. These states almost lost their independence due to constant interferences by the company in their internal affairs. Lord Wellesley used this system as a political weapon and brought States like Avadh, Hyderabad, Tanjore and Kamata under British subjugation.
Doctrine of Lapse and Other
Annexationist Policies of Lord Dalhousie
Lord Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse was
another glaring example of British imperialism. According to this, the native
rulers having No natural successors were not allowed to adopt a son without
prior permission of the British government. As the rulers of Satara, Jaitpur,
Bhagat, Jhansi, Sambalpur, Udaipur and Nagpur had no natural heirs their
kingdoms were annexed to the British empire by the application of Doctrine of
Lapse. All Lord Dalhousie stopped the pension of Nana Saheb, the adopted son of
Peshwa Bajirao II. He annihilated the Nawab of Karnata and the Raja of Tanjore
by abolishing their titles. He annexed Avadh to the British empire on the
pretext of maladministration by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. Dalhousie annexed Berar
on the charge of default as the Nizam of Hyderabad had not made full payment
towards the cost of the British army maintained in his capital. Besides,
Dalhousie annexed Punjab, Pegu and Sikkim by adopting an active policy of war
and conquest. The dissolution of the native state led to the unemployment of
many nobles, officials, sepoys, dancers, musicians who used to earn their
livelihood due to the patronage of these rulers.. As the British provided no
alternative employment to these people they became the most vocal opponents of British rule.
IIItreatment
to the Mughal Emperor
The British not only tried to extinguish
the native states but also did everything to dethrone the Mughal Emperor. The
Mughal Emperor Bahadurshah II had nominated. Fakiruddin as his successor.
Although Dalhousie had no objection regarding this, the existence of Mughal
dynasty was an eyesore for him. In the mean while Fakiruddin breathed his last.
The Governor-General Lord Canning ordered that the successors of Fakiruddin
would not use the royal title and would have to leave the Red Fort. The Indians
were deeply hurt due to this humiliating declaration as they had a deep sense
of loyalty towards the Mughal dynasty. The Muslims also could not tolerate this
type of ill-treatment shown to the Mughal Emperor. The anti-Mughal Policy of
the British annoyed both the Hindus and the Muslims of this land.
Economic Cause
In the opinion of the famous historian
Bipan Chandra, economic exploitation was the main reason of popular discontent.
Various factors contributed to this discontent of the people.
British Colonialism
Many industries and mills had sprung up
in England as a result of the Industrial revolution. These industrial
organizations required mainly raw materials for production as well as markets
for the sale of the finished products. The British used to take raw materials
like iron are and cotton to feed the industries of Liverpool and Manchester.
The factory produced goods were sold in Indian markets at a high rate which
affected the Indian economy very badly. Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to draw
the attention of the Indians to this 'Drain of wealth.
Commenting on the British economic policy Johan Sullivan said, "Our system
acts like a sponge, drawing up riches from the banks of the Ganges and
squeezing them down upon the banks of the Thames."
Destruction of Cottage Industries
Indian cottage industry had already
started declining due to the faulty policy of the British. There was a severe
shortage of raw materials for our cottage industry as raw materials were
exported to England on a large scale. Indian artisans were forced to work fer
the Company. Instances of cutting the fingers of the artisans for disobeyance
of order were not rare at that time. Machine produced goods of England flooded
the Indian market. Indian artisans were not able to compete with the machine
made goods of England. As a result, cottage industry was on the path of decline
leading to the unemployment of thousands of Indian artisans. Gradually the
economic condition of the common people deteriorated. To quote Ishwari Prasad,
"India became a milch cow to feed England while her own sons were gradually
pushed to the starvation stage."
Revenue System
Social cause
The British began to interfere in the
age-old social tradition of Indians. This was beyond the tolerance of the
orthodox Indians. They apprehended that the British would destroy the traditional
Indian social system and establish a western society instead. Obviously this
led to anti-British feelings among the Indians.
Abolition of Sati
Widow Remarriage Act
Those
widows who could not become Sati had to lead a very miserable life. The society
used to lookdown upon them. They were considered to be inauspicious. Lord
Dalhousie passed the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856. According to this Act, the
widows could remarry, but widow remarriage was against the contemporary social
tradition. Moreover, the widow also had a right to claim her share in the
property of her deceased husband. These Acts, based on western culture, created
bitter reaction in the Hindu society and the Hindus became quite distrustful of
the British.
Caste Disabilities Removal Act
In 1850 Dalhousie passed 'Caste
Disabilities Removal Act. The government planned to equalise the lower castes
with other castes. This was a direct attack on the caste system prevalent in
the contemporary Hindu society. Such inferences by the British govemment in the
traditional Hindu social system annoyed the Hindus.
Introduction of English Education
Lord William Bentick introduced
western education in India in 1835. Wood's Despatch came in 1854 which further
spread western education in different parts of the country. The English
educated youth came under modem influences and tried to uproot the prevailing
social evils and superstitions. Their manners and behaviour greatly displeased
the orthodox Indian Hindus. They apprehended that by rapid spread of western
education the traditional Indian Society would be replaced by a western
society. As a result they became anti-British.
Introduction of Railways, Post and
Telegraph
\
Religious Cause
Religion has always played a very
important role in Indian society. Any foreign Interference in this is neither
acceptable nor desirable. But the British started interfering in the religious
affairs of the Indian without taking care of their religious sentiment. This
made the Indians quite apprehensive of the motive of the British. In the words
of Major Edward. "The ultimate aim of the gradual conquest of India by the
British is to convert it into a Christian State."
Propagation of Christianity
The Christian missionaries were
permitted to enter India by the Charter Act of 1813. These missionaries tried
to preach Christianity on the pretext of doing benevolent work. They tried to
draw the Indians towards Christianity by establishing schools, hospitals and orphanages.
As a result the poor and low caste people accepted Christianity as they got various
facilities. Besides these missionaries criticized and ridiculed even the Indian
gods and goddesses and the rites and practices of the Indians. The American
Missionary established a printing press in Agra and published books related to
Christianity. They tried to popularise these books among the common masses.
Even the prisoners were set free if they accepted Christianity. Various
incentives like promotion and other benefits were given to the converted Christians. The Christian missionaries used
to call the Hindus barbarians and uncivilized while the Muslims were coloured
as fanatics. As a result both Hindus and Muslims were greatly annoyed. There
was a rumour that in order to destroy the religion of the Hindus the British mixed
the powder of animal bones with salt and the flesh of pigs and cows was thrown
into the wells, The religious sentiments of both Hindus and Muslims were
groatly hurt and they decided to adopt revolutionary methods.
Religious Disabilities Act
Religious Disabilities Act was passed in 1856. The Act provided that the Hindus would not be deprived of their paternal property if they adopted Christianity. Earlier, the Hindus who got converted to other religion were deprived of their paternal property. It became crystal clear that this Act was enacted to encourage more and more Hindus to accept Christianity. This led to a lot of popular resentment. Besides the attack on the caste system and propagation of modern rules and regulations became an eye sore for the orthodox Indians. Mr. Mangles, Chairman of the Directors of the East India Company made the following statement in the House of Commons, "Providence has entrusted the extensive Empire of Hindustan to England in order that the banner of Christ should wave triumphant from one end of India to the other. Everyone must exert all his strength that there may be no dilatoriness on any account in continuing in the country the grand work of making all Indians Christians." The intention of the British is quite clear from this statement.
Administrative Cause
The
Indians were feeling restless under the British administrative system. The
British policy of discrimination prépared the ground for the Revolt.
Racial Arrogance of the British
Many foreign races had come and settled
in India prior to the British. They had accepted India as their motherland. But
the British remained perpetual foreigners in India, Due to a feeling of a
racial superiority they used to look down upon the Indians, That is why the Jeans were deprived of high posts in the
administrative system. Indians were provided with posts of peons, clerks and
coolies. Indians were publicly offended by the British. An Indian could rise to
the post of a Subedar in the army with a salary of rupees sixty or seventy. Similarly
the highest administrative post for an Indian was of a Sadr Amin with a salary
of rupees five hundred. This type of discriminatory policy created anti-British
feeling among the Indians.
Feeling of Distrust towards a New
Administration
The British introduced a new
administrative system which was beyond the comprehension of the common Indians.
There developed a feeling of distrust towards the British administration which
widened the gulf between the ruler and the ruled. The British on the other hand
did not make any attempt to remove that feeling of distrust.
Discontentment of the Princely States
The position of the native rulers was not
quite encouraging under the British rule. Many native states vanished from the
map of India due to the imperialist policy of the British. As a pundits,
messengers result many people in these states suffered from unemployment The
musicians, dancers,who were working under the native rulers led a miserable
life being deprived of their means of livelihood. It was quite evident that
they became totally dissatisfied with the British rule.
Complex Judicial System
British
Judicial system was very much complex-and expensive. As aresuit it was difficult
for the common people to get justice. The people lost faith in the British
Judicial System. The replacement of Parsi language by English created a lot of
inconvenience for the common people. The Indians hada feeling of hatred towards
the British Judicial system due to the policy of discrimination and delayed
justice.
Military Cause
The discontentment of the general
public was reflected in the British army. The Sepoys very well realized the
traumatic condition of their countrymen and their own exploitation at the hands
of the British.
Disparity in Promotion, Salary and
Allowances
There was a grave disparity between the
Indian and British soldiers with regard to promotion, salary and allowances.
While the British soldiers enjoyed a lot of privileges the Indian soldiers were
deprived of them. There was no hope of promotion for the Indian sepoys. They
used to rise to the position of Havildar only. The monthly salary of the Indian
sepoys was very low. They were not getting any allowances even if they had to
work in far of places. In 1824 when the Barrckpore sepoys refused to go to
Burma the Forty Seventh Regiment was disbanded. Similarly in 1844 the sepoys of
Bengal refused to go and fight in Sind without any allowances. These steps of
the British government aggravated the situation. Earlier the sepoys used to get
letters free of cost through post. But they were deprived of this privilege due
to the Post Office Act of 1854. As a result, the accumulated grievances of the sepoys
burst into the Revolt of 1857.
General Service Enlistment Act
By the General Service Enlistment Act it
was provided that before joining the Amy the sepoys of Bengal would give in
writing that they would work in any place in India. They would not get their
pension in case of disobeyance. According to Hindu tradition one has to lose
his caste if he crosses the sea. So the Hindu sepoys were disgusted by the
passing of this Act and became anti British.
Interference in Religious Belief
The British government interfered
with the religious beliefs of the sepoys. Various restrictions were imposed on
the practice of Hindu religious beliefs. For example, the Hindu sepoys were
asked not to put Tilak on their foreheads which was a religious mark. The Muslim
sepoys were not allowed to grow beard. They were forced to cut their beard.
Similary the high caste sepoys were ordered to wear military caps instead of
their traditional turbans. The worst part was that the military caps contained
leather straps which hurt the sentiment of the Hindus. The Hindu sepoys were forced
to cross the sea and Christian missionaries becaie quite active to spread
Christianity among the Hindu sepoys. This created a lot of apprehension and
mistrust among them.
Numerical Strength of the Indian
Sepoys
The numerical strength of the Indian
soldiers inspired them to revolt. The Indian sepoys were more in proportion to
the British sepoys. The number of Indian sepoys was two lakh thirtyeight
thousnnd while that of the British sepoys only fortyfive thousand three hundred
twenty two in 1856. This encouraged the sepoys to become rebellious against
their British counterparts,
British Defeat
The British defeat in First Afghan war
and Anglo-Sikh war destroyed the belief of invincibility of the British army,
Similarly the British army suffered defeat in the Crimean war. The sepoys
gradually believed that the British soldiers were not superior to them in
military ability. Of course, here they made serious error of judgement.
Psychological Cause
By
1857 a strong belief spread among the Indians that the British rule was
destined to end after one hundred years. As the British rule started in India
from 1757 it would end in 1857, This gave a mental strength to the Indian
sepoys to revolt. The Revolt was the physical expression of this psychological
preparation.
Immediate Cause
The introduction of Enfield Rifle set
fire to the gunpowder or discontentment which was being accumulated through
years. Bahadur Shah Jafar had rightly said.
Na Iranne Kiya, Na Shah Russne
Angrejo Ko tabah kiya Kartusne.
It means that the British were not
destroyed by the rulers of Iran or Russia. They were rather destroyed by the
catridge.
In 1857 Enfield Rifle replaced the
Brownbace Rifle. The catridge of this gun was greased with some animal fat. The
soilder had to tear off one end of the catridge before using it in the gun.
Suddenly a rumour spread that the catridge contained the fats of cows and pigs.
It was against the religion of both Hindus and Muslims. While the Hindus used
to worship cow the muslims used to hate pigs. The sepoys realized that the
British wanted to destroy their religion through the greased catridge.
According to R.C. Majumdar "The people had the Strong belief that the
British government was going to destroy their religion and convert them to
Christianity." This new rifle was first used in Dumdum, Ambala and
Sialkot. As the use of the rifle was made compulsory the sepoys became greatly
enraged. Thus the Enfield Rifle with the greased catridges became the immedinte
cause of the Revolt.
COURSE OF THE REVOLT
Historian Bipan Chandra has expressed
his opinion whether the Revolt was a preplanned one or not. According to him
there was a well thoughtout plan regarding the Revolt. But the organization had
not progressed much when the Revolt broke out all of a sudden.
Barrackpore
Meerut
Delhi
The mutinous sepoys reached Delhi on 11
May. After capturing the Red Fort they proclaimed the Mughal Emperor Bahadur
Shah II as the emperor of India. After taking the leadership of the Revolt,
Bahadur Shah II wrote letters to other princely states to join the Revolt. As a
result the Revolt spread to different parts of the country like wildfire.
Lucknow
Begum Hazrat Mahal took up the
leadership of the Revolt in Lucknow. She declared her son Birtish Qadir as the
Nawab of Avadh and besieged the residence of the British Resident with the
support of the Sepoys, Zamindars and Taluqdars, Resident Sir Henry Lawrence
died in course of the seize.
Kanpur
Nana Saheb organized the rebels in
Kanpur. He was the adopted on of Peshwa Bajirao II. He was greatly helped by
his able minister Ramchandra Pandurang or Tantia Tope. Azimullah Khan also
helped him during the revolt. Nana Saheb accepted Bahadurshah II as the Emperor.
Tantia killed many British soldiers and the rest were forced to surrender.
Jhansi
Bihar and Odisha
Raja Kanwar Singh directed the rebels in Bihar.
He provided moral support to the rebels by sending his soldiers and opposing
the British government as well. Leaders like Vir Surendra Sai and Chakhi
Khuntia organized thè revolt in Odisha.
Besides, Ahmad Shah in Faizabad,
Hanumant Singh in Sultanpur, Taluqdar Mansing of Shahganj accelerated the tempo
of the Revolt. Vir Surendra Sai Thus the whole of Northern India was engulfed
by the revolt.
Suppression of the Revolt
General Havelock and Outram failed to
release the besieged users in Lucknow. But Collin Campbell suppressed the
revolt here and released the British
soldiers. Nana Saheb fled to the forests of Nepal as Campbell occupied Kanpur.
Kanwar Singh became a martyr.
As
General Hudgerose occupied Jhansi, Rani Laxmi Bai fled to Gwalior and joined Tantia
Tope there. Rani Laxmi Bai died a heroic death on 17th June 1857 while fighting
with the British army at Kalpi. Tantia Tope was hanged on 18 April 1859. Thus
the revolt was completely suppressed by the British by the month of July 1858.
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF THE REVOLT
The
Revolt of 1857 failed because of various reasons and the British Government succeeded
in suppressing it.
Limited Area
First
of all, the Revolt had not spread all over the country. It was confined to
certain places of India upto river Narmada. South India, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Gujrat, Central Provinces and Bengal were not affected by it. Its spread was
limited in Northen India as well. The British succeeded in confining it to a
few pockets.
Support of the Princes and Zamindars to the British
One
of the main reasons of the failure of the Revolt was the support given by the princely
rulers to the British government. Most prominent among them were the Sikhs of Punjab,
the king of Nepal , the Nawab of Bhopal, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Holkars of Indore,
Scindhias of Gwalior, the kings of Jodhpur and Kashmir. Infact no more than one
percent of the chiefs of India joined the Revolt. Most of them not only
supported the British government with the fear that they would be plundered by
the rebels but also gave out the secrets of the rebels to the British. Governor
General Canning later remarked that these rulers and chiefs "acted as the
breakwaters to the storm which would have otherwise swept us in one great
wave."
Lack of Leadership and unity among the
Rebels
The
rebels were lacking in nationalist feeling while regional feeling was quite
prominent. As the rebels had joined the revolt because of their diverse
interests, they failed to create united front against the British. Moreover,
there was a great lack of centralized leadership Bahadurshah II was unable to
take up the leadership due to old age. Of course Rani Laxiu Bai was a lady of
great heroism. But it was not possible for her to lead all the rebels, Similarity
it was not easy for Nana Saheb and Tantia Tope to lead the revolt. Lack of
unity among the rebels was another cause of the failure of the revolt.
Non-cooperation of the educated Indians
The
educated Indians were not in support of the Revolt. They had a strong belief that
India would be modernized due to British rule. That is why they had gladly
accepted the reforms of the British. So they wanted the suppression of the
Revolt.
Military cause
From
military point of view the arms and ammunitions of the rebels were greatly
inferior to that of the British army. So the rebels were easily suppressed.
Further, the British were lucky to have able and efficient Commanders and
Generals like Havelock, John Lawrence, Campbell, Outram, Hudgerose and
Nicholson. They were able to suppress the Revolt due to their military skill
and proper planning which was very much lacking among the Indian sepoys.
Railways and Postal System
Railways
was introduced by the British for facilitating transport. During the revolt the
British could suppress the revolt easily by sending their army through
railways. They were able to know quickly about the actüvities and planning of
the rebels with the help of telegraph.
In
the opinion of Bipan Chandra the leaders were joined together by a common
feeling of hatred for the alien rule. Once they overthrew the British power,
they did not know what sort of power to create in its place. The revolt
consisted of diverse elements, united only by their hatred of British rule but
the attempt failed due to lack of proper planning and effective Organisation.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVOLT
Of
the country. It succeeded in bringing a change in the attitude and principles
of the British. Let us discuss the result of the revolt in detail. The Revolt
of 1857 had a great impact on the administrative, military and social spheres. The
impact of the Revolt was felt in the administrative sphere. The Revolt was
followed by the end of the Company's rule. An act called the Government of
India Act, 1858 was passed in the British parliament. It was declared that
"India shall be governed by and in the name of the Queen." A Viceroy
would be appointed as the representative of the Queen. The Board of Control and
the Court of Directors were abolished. A Secretary of State for was India appointed instead. The Secretary of
State for India was to be a member of the British Ministry. India came under
direct administrative control of England as pèr the Act.
Queen Proclamation
After the end of the Revolt and passing of the
Government of India Act of 1858, Queen Victoria issued a Proclamation. Lord
Canning announced the proclamation in a special ceremony at Allahabad on 1
November 1858 and made the Indians aware of it. It was clearly mentioned that
Queen Victoria assumed the charge of Indian administration. All the treaties
and agreements made with the native rulers earlier remained in force. With the
abolition of Doctrine of Lapse the native rulers got the right to adopt sons as
earlier. Qualification and efficiency were taken as the main criteria for appointment
in different services. The Proclamation assured the people of India that the
government would grant them religious freedom and would fully respect Indian
culture and tradition. The Proclamation further promised that everybody irrespective
of caste, creed and religion would be equal before the law. For the Indians the
Proclamation declared: "In their prosperity will be our strength, in their
contentment our security and in their gratitude best reward." This
Proclamation can be called the Magna Carta of the Indian people. But many of
these promises were not fúlfilled later.
Reorganisation of the Army
As
the revolt originated due to the discontentment of the army the reorganization
of the army was of prime importance. The British government took control of the
Infantry and Navy. The proportion of European soldiers to that of the Indians
was kept at 2:1 The British soldiers were provided with better and more
advanced weapons. The Bengal army was disbanded. New regiments like Jath, Sikh,
Punjabi, Muslim and Gorkha were formed which brought a remarkable change in the
army organization.
Other Reforms
The British government introduced some
more reforms in the post Revolt era. High Courts were established in Bombay,
Madras, and Calcutta by the Act of 1861. In the same year Indian Police Act
created a police department in each province under one Inspector General.
Besides a police Superintendent in each district and a Deputy Inspector General
were appointed. The rate of commercial tax was increased inorder to bring
financial improvement. An income tax of 5% on monthly income of five hundred
rupees was collected. Tax was also collected from other trade and commerce. The
British government decided to spend the money on the development of education
and other benevolent works for the Indians, Reforms were also introduced in the
Education Department, Each province had an Education Department. One Director
and one Inspector were appointed to supervise the work of the Education
Department. Effective steps were undertaken for the spread of primary
education.
The Revolt also had some negative
impacts. The British adopted the policy of racial discrimination which led to
divisive tendencies in the society. The high posts in each department were
reserved for the British officers. A feeling of hatred and animosÃty grew between
the Indians and the British. Following the revolt the British adopted the
policy of Divide and Rule and tried their level best to divide the Hindus and
the Muslims. Economic exploitation of the Indians was accelerated to a great
extent. As a result of this the Indians became poorer and poorer. That is why
the negative effects seen in the social, economic and administrative spheres
led to the misery of the Indians.
Significance of the Revolt
The
Great Revolt of 1857 was an epoch making event in the history of modern India. Although
the British were able to suppress the Revolt, it succeeded in creating a
feeling of hatred towards the British and arousal of nationalism among the
Indians. The failure of the Revolt was the stepping stone to the later success
of the Indians. Because the Revolt inspired the Indians with nationalist and
patriotic feelings. It also paved the way for the Indian Renaissance. It
provided a lot of inspiration to the later leaders of the freedom struggle and thereby
paved the way for attainment of freedom.
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